Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

 

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Introduction

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a condition where the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart, become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup. It is a leading cause of heart attacks and can lead to severe complications if left untreated.

Causes of Coronary Artery Disease

CAD develops due to atherosclerosis, a condition where fatty deposits (plaque) accumulate in the arteries. Risk factors include:

• High cholesterol – Increases plaque buildup in arteries.
• High blood pressure – Damages artery walls over time.
• Smoking – Contributes to arterial damage and plaque formation.
• Diabetes – Increases the risk of atherosclerosis.
• Obesity – Puts extra strain on the heart and raises cholesterol levels.
• Sedentary lifestyle – Lack of exercise contributes to poor heart health.
• Unhealthy diet – High in saturated fats, sugar, and processed foods.
• Genetics – Family history of CAD increases the risk.

Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease

In the early stages, CAD may not cause noticeable symptoms. As it progresses, common symptoms include:

• Chest pain (angina) – A feeling of pressure or tightness in the chest.
• Shortness of breath – Difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity.
• Fatigue – Feeling tired even with minimal exertion.
• Heart attack – Severe chest pain, sweating, nausea, dizziness, and shortness of breath.

Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease

Doctors use various tests to diagnose CAD, including:

1. Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) – Measures heart’s electrical activity.
2. Echocardiogram – Uses ultrasound to create heart images.
3. Stress Test – Assesses heart function under physical exertion.
4. Coronary Angiography – Uses dye and X-rays to detect blockages.
5. CT Coronary Angiography – Provides detailed images of coronary arteries.
6. Blood Tests – Check for cholesterol levels and markers of heart disease.

Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease

Treatment depends on the severity of CAD and may include:

Lifestyle Changes

• Eating a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Exercising regularly (at least 30 minutes most days).
• Quitting smoking and reducing alcohol intake.
• Managing stress through relaxation techniques like meditation or yoga.

Medications

• Statins – Lower cholesterol levels.
• Beta-blockers – Reduce blood pressure and heart workload.
• Aspirin – Prevents blood clots.
• Nitrates – Relieve chest pain (angina).

Surgical Procedures

• Angioplasty and Stent Placement – A balloon is used to open blocked arteries, and a stent is placed to keep them open.
• Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) – A surgical procedure that creates new routes for blood flow around blocked arteries.

Conclusion

Coronary Artery Disease is a serious condition that requires early detection and proper management. A combination of a healthy lifestyle, medications, and medical procedures can help prevent complications and improve heart health. Regular check-ups and awareness of risk factors can significantly reduce the chances of developing CAD.